No such file or directory. After installing Apache, you will want to ensure a few modules are available to process programs and to ease the development and maintenance of your website. A module is an extension that enables the server to handle more advanced programming. Some modules are installed by default as a matter of course, and others may be installed separately. On Ubuntu, the configuration files for Apache are held in the directory '/etc/apache. To learn what is supported by the web server, visit '/mods- enabled'. .htaccess file is a powerful and ancient Apache Server configuration file for doing SEO 301 Redirects & Rewrites. This is the ultimate htaccess howto. This is a placeholder page installed by the Debian release of the Apache Web server package, because no home page was installed on this host. You may want to replace this as soon as possible with your own web pages, of course. There several files with a suffix of '. These are the modules themselves, and their configuration files are in the corresponding '. Some of the basic modules that come with Ubuntu's installation of Apache: * alias* autoindex* cgi* dir* env* mime* negotiation* status This may seem a bit sparse, and it is. To see which modules are available, see the corresponding 'mods- available' directory (/etc/apache. Here you will find a list of all the modules that can be enabled. Apache on Ubuntu has two main configuration files: apache2.conf and httpd.conf. Both are found in the directory '/etc/apache2'.Ultimate Apache . Guidehtaccess is a very ancient configuration file that controls the Web Server running your website, and is one of the most powerful configuration files you will ever come across. WWW's Hyper. Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) using Password Protection, 3. Redirects, rewrites, and much much more. This is because this configuration file was coded in the earliest days of the web (HTTP), for one of the first Web Servers ever! Eventually these Web Servers (configured with htaccess) became known as the World Wide Web, and eventually grew into the Internet we use today. This is not an introduction to . This is the evolution of the best of the best. You've come to the right place if you are looking to acquire mad skills for using . Originally (2. 00. The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) was initiated at the CERN in Geneve (Switzerland), where it emerged (together with the HTML presentation language) from the need to exchange scientific information on a computer network in a simple manner. The first public HTTP implementation only allowed for plain text information, and almost instantaneously became a replacement of the GOPHER service. One of the first text- based browsers was LYNX which still exists today; a graphical HTTP client appeared very quickly with the name NCSA Mosaic. Mosaic was a popular browser back in 1. Soon the need for a more rich multimedia experience was born, and the markup language provided support for a growing multitude of media types. Htaccess file know- how will do several things for you: Make your website noticeably faster. Allow you to debug your server with ease. Make your life easier and more rewarding. Allow you to work faster and more productively. Skip this - still under edit. Each section in the configuration file (except for the [global] section) describes a shared resource (known as a 'share'). The section name is the name of the shared resource and the parameters within the section define the. I discovered these tips and tricks mostly while working as a network security penetration specialist hired to find security holes in web hosting environments. Shared hosting is the most common and cheapest form of web- hosting where multiple customers are placed on a single machine and "share" the resources (CPU/RAM/SPACE).
The machines are configured to basically ONLY do HTTP and FTP. No shells or any interactive logins, no ssh, just FTP access. That is when I started examining htaccess files in great detail and learned about the incredible untapped power of htaccess. For 9. 9% of the worlds best Apache admins, they don't use . AT ALL. It's much easier, safer, and faster to configure Apache using the httpd. However, this file is almost never readable on shared- hosts, and I've never seen it writable. So the only avenue left for those on shared- hosting was and is the . Most all . htaccess code works in the httpd. So all the best Apache admins and programmers never used . There was no incentive for those with access to httpd. It's common to see "computer gurus" on forums and mailing lists rail against all uses and users of . I wonder if these "gurus" know the history of the htaccess file, like it's use in the earliest versions of the HTTP Server- NCSA's HTTPd, which BTW, became known as Apache HTTP. So you could easily say that htaccess files predates Apache itself. Once I discovered what . I focused all my research into . I was reading the venerable Apache HTTP Source code 2. I compiled every released version of the Apache Web Server, ever, even NCSA's, and focused on enumerating the most powerful htaccess directives. Good times! Because my focus was on protocol/file/network vulnerabilites instead of web dev I built up a nice toolbox of htaccess tricks to do unusual things. When I switched over to webdev in 2. I started using htaccess for websites, not research. I documented most of my favorites and rewrote the htaccess guide for webdevelopers. After some great encouragement on various forums and nets I decided to start a blog to share my work with everyone, Ask. Apache. com was registered, I published my guide, and it was quickly plagiarized and scraped all over the net. Information is freedom, and freedom is information, so this blog has the least restrictive copyright for you. Feel free to modify, copy, republish, sell, or use anything on this site ; )Specifically, . Apache Web Server, and also to control and configure modules that can be built into the Apache installation, or included at run- time like mod_rewrite (for htaccess rewrite), mod_alias (for htaccess redirects), and mod_ssl (for controlling SSL connections). Htaccess allows for decentralized management of Web Server configurations which makes life very easy for web hosting companies and especially their savvy consumers. They set up and run "server farms" where many hundreds and thousands of web hosting customers are all put on the same Apache Server. This type of hosting is called "virtual hosting" and without . So that is why any half- decent web host allows/enables (Dream. Host, Powweb, Media. Temple, Go. Daddy) . Let's just say that if I was a customer on your server- farm, and . LOT faster than yours, as these configuration files allow you to fully take advantage of and utilize the resources allotted to you by your host. If even 1/1. 0 of the sites on a server- farm took advantage of what they are paying for, the providers would go out of business. SKIP: History of Htaccess in 1st Apache. One of the design goals for this server was to maintain external compatibility with the NCSA 1. NCSA. On the other hand, another design goal was to move as much of the server's functionality into modules which have as little as possible to do with the monolithic server core. The only way to reconcile these goals is to move the handling of most commands from the central server into the modules. However, just giving the modules command tables is not enough to divorce them completely from the server core. The server has to remember the commands in order to act on them later. That involves maintaining data which is private to the modules, and which can be either per- server, or per- directory. Most things are per- directory, including in particular access control and authorization information, but also information on how to determine file types from suffixes, which can be modified by Add. Type and Default. Type directives, and so forth. In general, the governing philosophy is that anything which can be made configurable by directory should be; per- server information is generally used in the standard set of modules for information like Aliases and Redirects which come into play before the request is tied to a particular place in the underlying file system. Another requirement for emulating the NCSA server is being able to handle the per- directory configuration files, generally called . NCSA server they can contain directives which have nothing at all to do with access control. Accordingly, after URI - > filename translation, but before performing any other phase, the server walks down the directory hierarchy of the underlying filesystem, following the translated pathname, to read any . The information which is read in then has to be merged with the applicable information from the server's own config files (either from the < directory> sections in access. Finally, after having served a request which involved reading . That is solved the same way it is solved wherever else similar problems come up, by tying those structures to the per- transaction resource pool. Htaccess files use the default filename ". Access. File. Name directive. The file isn't . htaccess. In a Windows Environment like the one I use for work, you can change how Windows opens and views . Folder Options in explorer. As you can see, on my computer files ending in . HTACCESS extension and are handled/opened by Adobe Dreamweaver CS4. Unlike the main server configuration files like httpd. Htaccess files are read on every request therefore changes in these files take immediate effect. Apache searches all directories and subdirectories that are htaccess- enabled for an . I've never noticed a performance loss but OTOH, I know how to use them. If you do have access to your main server configuration file, you should of course use that instead, and lucky for you ALL the . Htaccess files follow the same syntax as the main Apache configuration files, for powerusers here's an apache. VI. The one main difference is the context of the directive, which means whether or not that directive is ALLOWED to be used inside of an . Htaccess files are incredibly powerful, and can also be very dangerous as some directives allowed in the main configuration files would allow users/customers to completely bypass security/bandwidth- limits/resource- limits/file- permissions, etc. About 1/4 of all Apache directives cannot be used inside an . The Apache Developers are well- regarded throughout the world as being among some of the best programmers, ever. To enable a disallowed directive inside a . Don't ask why, but I personally downloaded each major/beta release of the Apache HTTPD source code from version 1. Apache versions!), then I configured and compiled each version for a custom HTTPD installation built from source. This allowed me to find every directive allowed in . YES! I think that is so cool. An . htaccess directive is basically a command that is specific to a module or builtin to the core that performs a specific task or sets a specific setting for how Apache serves your Web. Site. Directives placed in Htaccess files apply to the directory they are in, and all sub- directories. Here's the 3 top links (official Apache Docs) you will repeatedly use, bookmark/print/save them. Terms Used to Describe Directives. Official List of Apache Directives. Directive Quick- Reference - - with Context. Now lets take a look at some htaccess examples to get a feel for the syntax and some general ideas at the capabilities. Some of the best examples for . Apache for main server config files, so lets take a quick look at a couple of them on our way down to the actual . The basic syntax is a line starting with # is a comment, everything else are directives followed by the directive argument.
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